A PARDON CARRIES AN IMPUTATION OF GUILT.
So, when a president tenders a pardon, the person to whom the pardon is granted is considered GUILTY.
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Burdick v. United States, 236 U.S. 79 (1915)
There are substantial differences between legislative immunity and a pardon; the latter carries an imputation of guilt and acceptance of a confession of it, while the former is noncommittal, and tantamount to silence of the witness.
